Ater, Tal. “NASA Abandons Flying Cars for Greener Flight with a $1.5m Prize for Green Aircraft Innovation.” Green Prophet. Thankfully, NASA has been taking a look at folks extra carefully on this matter. He and Lt. Ralph O’Hair, both flyboys for the Army Air Corps had been amongst the first individuals to fly an airplane right into a hurricane. They’re more Spartan than most individuals of their signal. These tabulated values are used in the subsequent subsections as nuclear information inputs. C term, as there are various electronic routes to a few of these information. Direct bibliometric research of article use are uncommon, and are typically based mostly on small samples (e.g. 1998JASIS..49.1283T ); most bibliometric studies use oblique measures, particularly citation histories,(e.g. Recently 1998JASIS..49.1283T has found that the mean use half-life for a set of medical journals was 3.Four years, whereas the imply quotation half-life for a similar journals was 6.Three years. For articles instantly after publication the logs of the electronic journals are the definitive source; this usage pattern is substantially different from the pattern shown within the Adverts logs, for instance, the half-life for article reads for the electronic Astrophysical Journal is measured in days (E.

We’ll compare using among the Big8 journals with their citation histories utilizing two datasets: the Advertisements data logs for the period from 1 Might 1998 to 31 July 1998, and the quotation data provided to Ads by the Institute for Scientific Information covering references in articles published throughout the first 9 months of 1998, and only overlaying references from 1981 thus far. ¿From 1976 to about 1994 the 2 strains are almost parallel; this demonstrates that the change in readership with age is brought on primarily by a change within the fraction of papers that are thought-about fascinating enough to be learn, not by a change within the number of instances an fascinating paper is learn. This is about thrice the number of physical pages printed in September 1998 by the PASP. H, where the primary three terms are exponentials with very completely different time constants, and the fourth is a low stage constant. They are careful planners who take one step at a time toward making a dream come true. In what follows we’ll discuss with any request for information as a “read.” By “age” we check with the time since publication of an article, NOT the time since delivery of the astronomer studying the article!

M mannequin from the information we get the residual of papers current sufficient to be read. If one takes papers printed in a single yr both cites. The variety of cites has the identical functional type as the fraction of reads, And the fraction of cites has the same kind because the variety of reads. The relations between the number of cites or reads of a paper. Figure 10 reveals the number of Advertisements reads (stable line, left abscissa) throughout January 1999 for articles printed in the Big8 from 1976 to 1998, and the variety of Big8 articles for which at the least one information item was requested (dotted line, right abscissa), on a log-linear plot, binned yearly. On this subsection we prohibit the research to the January 1999 log, and solely requests for details about articles revealed in the biggest (in terms of Adverts use) eight journals (ApJ, ApJL, ApJS, A&A, A&AS, MNRAS, AJ, PASP; hereafter the Big8). The Big8 signify 62% of the 270,000 entries within the January information log. We show the information just for articles printed from 1983 to 1995. Before 1983 the data from ISI are much less complete, and after 1995 the presence of the electronic journals, and the differing rules for the distribution of the Ads bitmaps, make the meaning of a “read” differ from journal to journal.

Figure 15 compares the quotation histories of the Big8 journals with their readership; the abscissa refers to the quotation information (dotted strains), the readership data (strong lines) have been arbitrarily shifted for comparability. If the electronic journals present “pages” of information at the identical charge because the Advertisements archive, per article accessed (barely more than 10 pages/article accessed), then greater than 750,000 “pages” were “printed,” on demand, in September 1998 by Advertisements customers. Most of the current exponential growth of use of the Adverts is because of an increased variety of users; this growth can’t final much longer, the 17,000 who made queries in September 1998 are in all probability nearly all of all those that could conceivably wish to make a query of the technical astronomy literature. Determine 9 exhibits the variety of unique users who made a query utilizing the Adverts each month from April 1993 to September 1998. Earlier than early 1994 users had user names and passwords in the old, proprietary system, and could possibly be counted exactly; after the Ads grew to become out there on the WWW users had been outlined as distinctive IP addresses. In a cult, it’s vital for the leader to strip away a follower’s sense of self and replace that with a one that worships (and obeys) them – above all else.